It looks like Microsoft’s attempted acquisition of Yahoo! has come to an end. Apparently, $46 billion wasn’t good enough, but $50 billion would have been. So what’s $4 billion between friends? Ah well. Mini already has a post up having popped a cork, and I’m sure MSFTExtremeMakeover will have something shortly. And I’m sure there will be plenty of analysis posts as to why, why it’s a good thing, why it’s a bad thing, what might have been, and so on.

So here’s mine!

First, so if I understand properly, Microsoft bid $41 billion, Yahoo! wanted $50 billion. So Microsoft came up $5B more, met ‘em halfway… Yahoo! still wanted the full $50B. OK… so if you can come up with $5, why not $10B? And yeah, I understand, these are scarily huge numbers. But hey, if you’re going to sit down at the World Cup of Poker, you know it’s not a $10 buy-in. I actually wonder if it’s too much of a bet-the-company move… e.g. Microsoft can currently afford anyone that’s $46B or less, but more… not so much.

Second… so what’s next? Well, let’s see….

Option 1: Keep at it! Keep at it! Keep at it!

Well, Satya, Brian, Harry, and the gang have to do something. And now that they won’t have too much of a distraction integrating Yahoo!. Plus, this means that most of Microsoft will now align very closely with services, focusing on ads and search. A search bar in every application, every desktop, every skin. And renewed focus on new frontiers, such as XBox and mobile - especially XBox.

Option 2: Buy! Buy! Buy!

Buy someone else! Or elses! But who? Well, how’s this little gem from comScore:

Baidu Ranked Third Largest Worldwide Search Property by comScore in December 2007

To aid in your research and coverage of Baidu’s recent announcement to enter the Japan market with www.baidu.jp, relevant comScore qSearch worldwide data are provided below.

In December 2007, 66.2 billion search queries were conducted worldwide.

In December 2007, Baidu.com Inc. was the third ranked search property worldwide with 3.4 billion searches, capturing 5.2 percent of worldwide search share.

Worldwide Search Top 10 December 2007 Total World Age 15+, Home and Work Locations* Source: comScore qSearch 2.0
	Searches (MM)	Share of Searches
Total Internet	66,221	100.0
Google Sites	41,345	62.4
Yahoo! Sites	8,505	12.8
Baidu.com Inc.	3,428	5.2
Microsoft Sites	1,940	2.9
NHN Corporation	1,572	2.4
eBay	1,428	2.2
Time Warner Network	1,062	1.6
Ask Network	728	1.1
Yandex	566	0.9
Alibaba.com Corporation	531	0.8

Baidu is the dominant engine in China, NHN is www.naver.com, which is the dominant engine in South Korea. Oh, and today, 5/4/2008, NHN is worth about $11.25B (current price, in KRW), and Baidu is worth $12.36B (current price in USD).

Naver hasn’t shown any propensity to move outside of Korea, and for the most part their stranglehold on South Korea is their huge question and answers site (which is what Yahoo! Answers, Microsoft QnA, and Baidu’s iKnow are based upon). Their search, last I knew, wasn’t terribly great.

But Baidu…. Baidu is doing real search. Baidu just launched in Japan earlier this month. And they have the currently dominant question and answer site, although TenCent, which runs QQ, the dominant instant messenger in China by far, is looking to create their own version that may cause some trouble. And Baidu has got heavy competition from Google.

Now, there are certainly issues with buying Baidu due to the Chinese government. But… well… at the end of the day, those Yahoo customers aren’t going anywhere quickly - not to Google, not to MSN. That’s one of the key reasons why, IMHO, Microsoft wanted to buy them. But that isn’t happening, so those customers stay with Yahoo. Now, Microsoft still needs to get some additional customers somehow, somewhere. If not from Yahoo, and if not from Google… well, for me, I’d start looking abroad really quickly myself.

Dr. William Chang, gave a number of talks at WWW2008. A brief history: PhD from Berkeley, one of the main developers of InfoSeek, long time advisor and lately (Jan 2007) CTO of Baidu. Here’s some distillation of them, and as always just my interpretations of what he’s said:

Working in China
He spoke at length about the issues of having a company in China; in particular, the perils of having an established non-Chinese company try to move into the Chinese market. He gave a number of examples of companies that haven’t done well, such as Google and Yahoo (Baidu being dominant in search), eBay (being overcome by TaoBao), and Tencent (runs QQ, dominant instant messenger in China). I need to ask him how he views Joyo.com (Amazon.com.cn!). Anyway, various keys he mentioned to success in China (there were a few others, but these were my main takeaways):

• Be focused on China. Other companies were moving in as an after-thought and focused more on their primary markets (typically the US).
• Sell to the market you have, not the one you want. OK, pardon the pun, but essentially, non-Chinese companies often assumed China would be like the US and Europe, and have tried to market their services as such.
• Managers should be local and domain experts. In other markets, the US for example, managers of a division would typically be domain experts of the business as well as local and able to speak the language. Often, foreign companies would send either a domain expert that couldn’t speak Chinese, or someone that was local but not a domain expert. Neither is a good choice.
• Ground troops are plentiful. Use them. It’s cheap and easy to get big fast, so ground troops are necessary. Apparently Baidu has well upwards of 3,000 sales and another 3,000 indirect sales people - well in excess of about ~1000 developers. Most are graduates from local colleges - apparently nearly all hiring is straight from college. Yes, this requires different types of management; Chang described a poll-like model where people are rated on 10 categories, and this allows management to improve both people as well as groups along these axes. Microsoft does something a bit similar with the MS Poll, but that’s more for identifying problems with managers and groups.

Overall, the first and last were the two key points I took away. If you assume China is a different market, which having been here a few times now I can certainly accept, then it makes absolute sense to have a local division be completely empowered to focus on the local market and get lots of ground troops to do it. From prior experience, if the organization has a central (say US) based development effort and some small feature is needed for a remote site (say China), it can be frustratingly difficult for the US based group to do it given other priorities. Yahoo solved the problem to a degree in search by having a group dedicated to handling non-US requests that the core search team wouldn’t do. But really, when you can find ground troops locally, get them.

Three Generations of Search
Chang also spoke at length about the Three Generations of Search. I’ll cut to the chase:

• First Generation (1993 - 2001): IR at scale

• Phrases
• Source rating / prior
• Multiple facets vs single relationships

• “Web Oracle” model - the web will know the answer

• User-generated content
• Tagging
• Wikipedia / Baidupedia
• Question Answering (Naver in Korea, Yahoo Answers in US, Sino’s iAsk and Baidu’s iKnow in China)
• People Search (LinkedIn and FaceBook)

• Personalization
• Integration of Search and Recommendation
• Predictive recommendation with feedback

For the most part, the culmination of the First Generation would be sites like AltaVista or InfoSeek. Second Generation brings us the current offerings from Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft. The Third? Well, he mentioned that Amazon was doing a number of useful things there but nobody else had been successful yet. Which begs the question will the existing second generation engines turn into the third!

More seriously, the main focus on the Third Generation is using massive data and computationally per individual versus per aggregate. Right now, Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo are able to make various generations about things using prior history of their millions of customers and sessions. However, the question is how to make use of an individual’s history and related people’s history to make meaningful personal recommendations. As an example, one of the papers I was most disappointed with was Spatial Variation in Search Engine Queries by Backstrom, Kleinberg, Kumar, and Novak (Cornell and Yahoo). It showed that queries emanate disproportionately from different regions; for example, baseball team names are very focused around their local region. Yeah, OK. And then? For example, do people click on different results on the same query issued from different locales? Or is there implicit, or explicit, meaning on terms in different locales? It was mentioned that “Cardinals” had two hotspots - Arizona (the football team) and St. Louis (the baseball team)… so presumably people want and will click on different things. But in what way? What are the metrics? And as you get closer to the midpoint of Arizona and Missouri, how do you merge in the results?

I’m not sure if it’s an extension of the Second Generation or the Third, but I’d say solving those types of issues are clearly part of the next wave of things. And it’s good to see that Baidu is also pushing on that, in addition to the Big Three (and in fairness, Baidu is #3 world-wide… yup… and Naver #4. No wonder Microsoft wants to buy Yahoo! )

I’m attending WWW2008 in Beijing this week. It’s turned into a big of a monster conference… nine simultaneous tracks over three days, not to mention a day of workshops and tutorials! Yow! And I’m seeing a number of colleagues from the usual haunts here as well. Both Kai-Fu Lee, head of Google China, and Harry Shum, head of Microsoft’s Live Search development, each gave keynotes, and I thought the themes on them was quite interesting and contrasting.

Kai-Fu Lee’s theme was Cloud Computing, or moving to a world where data and computation was handled on remote anonymous servers and applications then ran. He gave an overview of a number of Google applications that ran on this - Search, Mail, etc. I was struck by one comment he made, which is that cloud computing frees people from the monopoly of a single company controlling everything. Except, of course, the company that runs everything in the cloud for you…. Meet the New Boss…. Same as the Old Boss! But digs at Microsoft aside, the path outlined was clearly focused on Web applications built out on cloud computing, with those applications all leveraging large scale, reliability, and naturally massive amounts of data to handle things.

Harry’s talk was more of a Company Meeting talk, in which he handed the microphone to Graham Sheldon to show off some demos, in particular highlighting some of the cool things MSRA is doing as well as some of the latest on the Live Search release. They led off with what I thought was the best, which is some work from MSRA’s speech group that extracts speech from video and then enables you to see related videos while watching them. It was put together well, so it isn’t so much a “watch while on the Web” demo but “imagine you’re watching TV” video. I’ll see if I can’t find a link, but good stuff. Also shown was Guanxi, which tries to do a people / relationship search… in this case, it showed who was related to Bill Gates. They also showed a demo where you could do query-by-image, which would show images related to a target image. I need to ask some of my former UW colleagues who did things like QBIC (Query By Image Content). The demos of released Live Search features were focused on new features in the News and Local Verticals, including some cool stuff from the Maps team (which continuously produces some great stuff). Oh, and they have a few things on health they’re experimenting with, and trying to get things hooked up with the HealthVault.

OK… so we have two “My company is doing cool stuff, come work for us!” keynotes. But do we have any insight here?

Yes. Google, as widely reported often and everywhere, is busy making an operating system platform of cloud computing that they then build their services on. They’re not actually selling or providing a cloud - Amazon is, with EC2 and S3. But they’re creating the applications that depend on the cloud.

Microsoft, on the other hand, isn’t really pushing the cloud platform. They have a number of components for that, but the demos shown are all slices on search. But they’re certainly not talking about the power of their platform; they’re talking about cool features. But I worry along that line. The problem they have, which they and Google are trying to address, is user flow. Users don’t go to a vertical, they go to search. So now the problem is to discover intent on when it’s appropriate to show essentially a house ad for a vertical with some content, and then create a compelling, and consistent, experience as a user moves from “search” into “news” or “health exploration” or whatever they’re doing.

What I can’t help but wonder is why neither appears to be really pursuing differentiated domains and brands. For example, I still don’t think of Google, Yahoo, nor Microsoft when I think “news.” I think CNN. And really, I don’t think “news search” so much, I want more of a news paper. Archival search is great, but should be from within the news portal. To that degree, I wonder why “Live News” isn’t more MSNBC, or even just a different URL, such as www.livenews.com (it’s some random news site… probably buyable!). Certainly there’s lots of direct visitation to www.youtube.com, and I’m still more familiar with www.mapquest.com than the URLs for Google, Yahoo, or Live maps.

Anyway, food for thought… as always, I’ll lie about updating this later as the conference progresses.

Update 4/25: We (a number of anonymous conference delegates, and yours truly) now have short synopses on all the keynotes. In order:

• Kai-Fu Lee, Google: Use our stuff!
• Harry Shum, Microsoft: We have stuff!
• Sir Tim Berners-Lee, W3C: I invented stuff!
• Robin Li, Baidu: I paid for this stuff!
• David Belanger, AT&T Labs: We route stuff!

In fairness, we’re sort of making up Robin Li’s synopsis. Sir Tim’s keynote was somewhat, uh, long and rambly, and after about 30 minutes of it the audience in the Great Hall of the People got restless and started heading to the drink counters for more beer and wine. Sadly, by the time Robin got to the stage, the audience was in no mood to listen and was already engaged in conversation, so we’re not really sure what he said. But Baidu did sponsor the banquet, which rocked, so we thanked him for that.

David Belanger’s keynote was the best in my opinion… and not just because he didn’t do either a passive-aggressive product placement speech or an aggressive-aggressive product demo speech. He just talked about content, experience and devices, and networking to them and a lot of the challenges. For example, apparently as of 10 years ago when AT&T licensed out its rotary phone service, that was still upwards of a BILLION dollar business. For rotary phones. When a new touch-tone costs $10, or is often free. The main takeaways were that (a) there are loads of devices and enpoints, and it’s all increasing, and (b) the observation and re-iteration that old devices don’t go away slowly. The last is ignored at people’s peril… people hold on to things a lot longer than nearly everyone else would like.

I haven’t posted lately on the Microsoft / Yahoo bid. It’s been interesting seeing things unfold… I thought Yahoo would have been much more receptive to the offer. Or, more to the point, I thought Microsoft and Yahoo had already come to terms and this was more the public drama. But apparently not.

At the Microsoft company meeting last year, Steve Ballmer, in his big rah-rah speech at the end, mentioned that the first thing needed for the Search team was a plan to be #2. #2? Yeah… if you’re #3 (or #5, behind Baidu and Naver… sucks when your global service is smaller world-wide than a dominant local service in China and South Korea!). But let’s focus on the US market, so the goal is to move beyond Yahoo into the #2 position.

How, exactly, will that be done?

Seriously… there are millions of people who have Yahoo as their home page and use their search engine. The #1 query on Google is “Yahoo.” Yahoo, while declining in share a bit, is still huge and will hold on for years and years. They’ve held most of their customers, and their customers aren’t going anywhere. Not like Google hasn’t been around for a few years now.

So, let’s say Microsoft makes a search engine better than Yahoo. OK… will that get Yahoo customers? Doubtful. Why? There’s already a better engine: Google. Hasn’t been a flood of people moving over.

OK, so it’s a better engine… and better mail, messenger, portal?

I don’t buy that.

OK… so I’m not seeing a clear answer to get Yahoo customers to go to some newer, better thing quickly. So how about attacking Yahoo’s financials? Kill the ad network… compete on price, offer advertisers more for less. Lose tons, but it kills them.

OK, let’s say that works. You kill Yahoo financially, destroy the asset. Some advertisers have gone to Microsoft, others to Google. Hopefully the market hasn’t come down, even though in a recession it will and it looks like we’re in one. But the customers really aren’t moving… so Microsoft still has to buy Yahoo in the end.

So ultimately, it’s a question of buying a mostly healthy asset now at a premium, or dumping billions into weakening them for a later purchase… and hope that Google hasn’t just run away with things.

Thus, ultimately, I think Microsoft has to purchase Yahoo, and came to that conclusion earlier this year. Will there be tons of conflict? Yup. Problems integrating? Absolutely. A huge exodus of smart talent up 101 to Google? Damn straight.

But more to the point… how else can Microsoft get to #2? I don’t see it. So, they bet the company and try to buy Yahoo… cry havoc!

been having random DB problems, so let’s see if 2.5 actually solves things.

My advisor, Oren Etzioni, gave the second keynote at WSDM today. His main focus is on his latest work which is a new paradigm in search using open extraction.
His hypothesis: Use Machine Reading - Information Extraction + tractable inference. For example, who did what? E.G.
IE(sentence) = who did what? - speaker(Alon Halevy, UW)
Inference = uncover implicit information - Will Alon visit Seattle? (maybe… is UW University of Washington or University of Waterloo?)
His argument, in part based on systems like Opine (done by Ana-Maria Popescu, another of Oren’s students and now at Yahoo Research), is information extraction enables very rich applications to be built.
How do you make it work on the Web? Open IE - Self-supervised Information Extraction (Banko, Cafarella, Soderland, et al, IJCAI ‘07). This leads him to find triples of (Noun-Phrase, Verb, Noun-Phrase).
More later (possibly even references… y’know, auto-tagging on blogs would actually be really useful…)

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Right now, there’s about 40 +/- 10 people from Microsoft, Yahoo, and Google in close proximity, along with other associated industry folks. So, as you can imagine, there’s a lot of scuttlebutt about the Microsoft / Yahoo acquisition. Here’s some of it (names withheld to protect the guilty… and hey, this is GOSSIP! Unsubstantiated rumor! Yellow journalism! Cite it at your own risk!)

• A bunch of Microsofties are very wary of the deal, for reasons largely along the lines I mentioned previously.
• A bunch of Yaholligans (Yahoochers?) are “just not thinking about it.”

Neither side is saying they saw this coming (as opposed to search pundits everywhere). And, as near as I can see, everyone is just going about as normal. The Yahoo recruiting booth is sandwiched right between the Google and Microsoft booths at WSDM (eBay and Ask are off to the side… ah, the exhibit hall is rich with metaphor!).

So, my worthless stock advice du jour: pay close attention to what Microsoft does in the near future. We’ll probably know how serious they are very quickly. Personally, if they go down the hostile acquisition route, that feels like a “bet the company” maneuver, which would surprise me greatly for Microsoft to do that.

I’m attending WSDM 2008 down in Stanford, CA. Lots of people from the big three (at least for now ), and other usual suspects. Hector Garcia-Molina is giving the initial keynote, and has a great slide going over a number of “Holy Cow” moments. In order:

• WWW (1993)
• Link Search (using links to rank popularity) (1994)
• A URL on a Billboard (1998)
• Napster (1999)
• “To Google” on a sitcom (2003)
• WiFi on busses - access everywhere (2007)
• FaceBook (2008)

Then he had some challenges, and it’s interesting to think of how many are still viable:

• Preservation (1993). Turns out, opening old formats (say ~5 years old) is often painful… and even if the format opens, formatting is often horribly broken. Consider old Word docs, or even WordPerfect or such. I can’t imagine what I’d do about ancient docs I may have when I wrote things on a Mac using WriteNow…
• Digital Deterioration (1998). Sometimes, documents just get lost… or URLs go away, and so on.

Current challenge problems (2008). Hector mentioned that this is the WSDM program, so not necessarily his list.

• Beyond Search

• Identifying user task / intention
• Document/Word Semantics

• Extraction, entity resolution
• Combinging Results

• Ads, bids, …
• Spam, Click Fraud, etc.

• modeling
• wisdom of the crowds

• Media Mining
• Mining Graphs

• Safe data mining
• Protecting identity

• Power Minimization
• Revisiting Distributed Databases

• Access to personal data
• Tailoring services to me

• Small devices
• Peer-to-peer libraries

Hectors priorities:

1. Beyond Search
2. Information Integration
3. Monetizing
4. Social Networking
5. Coping with Scale

Lower Priorities:

• Data Mining
• Privacy
• Personalization
• Mobile Access

He didn’t care so much about Privacy, as he has nothing to hide. He also doesn’t like Personalization, as he doesn’t like things that change. He opened the floor for dissenters, some people took him up on it.

As far as hardness goes:

1. Information Integration
2. Beyond Search
3. Monetizing
4. Social Networks
5. Privacy

and the rest, as “easy:”

• Data Mining
• Coping with Scale
• Personalization
• Mobile Access

I’ll see if I can’t find some time to comment on this later on tonight.

Google whines about Microsoft buying Yahoo! Emphasis mine:

The openness of the Internet is what made Google — and Yahoo! — possible. A good idea that users find useful spreads quickly. Businesses can be created around the idea. Users benefit from constant innovation. It’s what makes the Internet such an exciting place. So Microsoft’s hostile bid for Yahoo! raises troubling questions. This is about more than simply a financial transaction, one company taking over another. It’s about preserving the underlying principles of the Internet: openness and innovation.

Could Microsoft now attempt to exert the same sort of inappropriate and illegal influence over the Internet that it did with the PC? While the Internet rewards competitive innovation, Microsoft has frequently sought to establish proprietary monopolies — and then leverage its dominance into new, adjacent markets.

Could the acquisition of Yahoo! allow Microsoft — despite its legacy of serious legal and regulatory offenses — to extend unfair practices from browsers and operating systems to the Internet? In addition, Microsoft plus Yahoo! equals an overwhelming share of instant messaging and web email accounts. And between them, the two companies operate the two most heavily trafficked portals on the Internet. Could a combination of the two take advantage of a PC software monopoly to unfairly limit the ability of consumers to freely access competitors’ email, IM, and web-based services? Policymakers around the world need to ask these questions — and consumers deserve satisfying answers.

This hostile bid was announced on Friday, so there is plenty of time for these questions to be thoroughly addressed. We take Internet openness, choice and innovation seriously. They are the core of our culture. We believe that the interests of Internet users come first — and should come first — as the merits of this proposed acquisition are examined and alternatives explored.

Kind of inflammatory, isn’t it? Well, yeah. But why do you think Microsoft whined to the SEC about Google buying DoubleClick?

Microsoft responds:

REDMOND, Wash., Feb. 3, 2008 – The combination of Microsoft and Yahoo! will create a more competitive marketplace by establishing a compelling number two competitor for Internet search and online advertising. The alternative scenarios only lead to less competition on the Internet.

Today, Google is the dominant search engine and advertising company on the Web. Google has amassed about 75 percent of paid search revenues worldwide and its share continues to grow. According to published reports, Google currently has more than 65 percent search query share in the U.S. and more than 85 percent in Europe. Microsoft and Yahoo! on the other hand have roughly 30 percent combined in the U.S. and approximately 10 percent combined in Europe.

Microsoft is committed to openness, innovation, and the protection of privacy on the Internet. We believe that the combination of Microsoft and Yahoo! will advance these goals.

Right…. so in summary, Google doesn’t want Microsoft to buy into two Internet monopolies - instant messaging and e-mail, and use that as leverage to break into its emerging ad monopoly. And Microsoft wants to do just that.

Get your popcorn.